The time passing over from the 6th century BC to the 4th century BC is a valuable milestone in the development of society & culture. Historiography titled this period as the beginning of the early historic time.
Literary and archaeological references provide useful data to understand the ancient cycle and construct the climate of society that developed during the levels, Vedic refers to Janapadas, Buddhist and Jaina, books refer to Mahajanapadas.
For the introductory time, geographical areas with various kinds of human settlement began to develop a specific territorial identity. The tension between several Janapadas oversaw the takeover of the overcome Janapadas by the conquerors.
Therefore, the larger territorial and political commodity situated in the form of Mahajanapada. This procedure oversaw the decrease of the power of the Gana Sanghas and the strengthening of the organisation of kingship or empire, which is an important development in the early historic time.
In each Mahajanapada, come off human territories appointed as a village, market-town and city. Therefore, this timeline noticed the outset of the second urbanisation. It suggests that people were pursuing several professions besides food production on a larger scale now, more than in the early stage.
The contradiction between simple and metropolitan areas began at the time. The pursuit of food-producing committees by the additional agriculture and cattle herding in a specific area oversaw the demarcations of the regions.
In metropolitan areas, civilization finds the experts employed in non-food producing activities living indifferent neighbourhoods. Both the regions complement each other.
It suggests that the simple regions were producing more food to meet the market from the non-food producing specialist skilled organizations. This new improvement needs a new tool to govern and monitor both groups.
The tool arranged was the strengthening of majesty by making Danda or force an important element along with the safety and development of the territorial unit. Thereafter, taxes were committed and collected by force to relevant more.
Besides the already existing two groups the priests and the Kshatriyas, a new social group, who acted as middlemen and dealers providing food grains to the non-food producing civil organisation, was relieved.
In these modern conditions, to retain peace between different social groups, the theoretical framework of the Varna model was given rise to the lead, where the purposes and freedoms of the occurring social groups were defined.
The Buddhist notes the 16 Mahajanapadas- Kasi, Kosala, Aparanta, Magadha, Vajji, Malla, Chedi, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Surasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara and Kambhoja.
The Varna model occurs to have fulfilled the goal for which it was distributed, and that might be the motive why even Buddha could not change from the Varna-based division of society, though it strongly opposed the Vedic tradition and Brahmanical traditions.
The Buddhist tradition relates to 16 Mahajanapadas as new territorial units that believe the equipment of the King with Danda or coercive device. Nonetheless, the Buddhist ritual agreements a great place called Magadha because its governors Bimbisara and Ajatasatru were the followers of the Buddha.
Magadha came to be an important centre because of its rich land that was greatly acceptable for wetland rice cultivation, its management over iron ore of South Bihar, and control over the paths of Ganga, Gandaki and Son rivers.
Magadha progressed further significance by occupying the territory of the Vajjis or pastoral nomads, who lived in the north of Ganga the Vaishali District of Bihar. This was a group of eight different Ganas, of which Videh, Lichchavis and Jnatrikas were the most powerful.
Vatsa with its capital at Kaushambi was another important and powerful Mahajanapada, United by Magadha. The Kuru Mahajanapada is centred around the Delhi-Meerut area. Hastinapura, Indraprastha and Isukara are related to their capitals. The epic Mahabharata throws important light on the Kurus.
The Panchalas seem to have been distributed as northern and southern Panchalas according to literary ritual. Ahichchhatra and Kampilya were the capitals of the northern and southern districts respectively.
They had near contact with the Kurus and became ancient by the 6th century BC. Matsya Mahajanapada included the present-day Jaipur-Bharatpur-Alwar area of Rajasthan and Viratnagar was the capital.
The Mahabharata refers to the truth of Pandavas covering in their court, and they're being stolen by the Kauravas. Bairat of recent times has been identified as Viratnagar and this was eventually won by Magadha.
The Mahajanapada of Sursena had its capital at Madhura, ruled by the Yadus, according to the epic Mahabharata by Puranas.
The Yadus were distributed into several small numbers of peoples and Lord Krishna, the important picture of the Mahabharata and an avatar of Lord Vishnu or Narayana relate to the Yadus of Mathura.
The Surasena Mahajanapada went wrong to create a powerful kingdom because of its ecology. Assaka Mahajanapada had its capital at Paithan or Pratisthana nearly which we have very light information.
A study of the recently occurred territorial being called Mahajanapada disclose that 7 out of 16- Anga, Magadha, Vajji, Malla, Kasi, Kosala and Vatsa- were of the middle Gangetic valley, which was a rice-producing, densely populated region.
Magadha's entry to the important metal ores and the other characteristics made middle Gangetic valley a politico-economic power centre. The truth that all these Mahajanapadas are contiguous to each different made it simple for Magadha To overcome them all and build a large kingdom.
The event of the Magadhan ascendancy was in 400 BC by Bimbisara and Ajatasatru of the Haryana Clan, who successfully eradicated the Vajjian tribal union and integrated the Mahajanapadas of Anga and Kashi.
This, while Eastern India under the leadership of Magadha made a successful development to statehood; the border nations of the North-West were endangered by the Persian invasion. Thereafter, specific areas of the Sindhu and Gandhara area became a part of the Achaemenid Empire.
The Persian continued up to 330 BC until the Macedonian invader Alexander demolished it. During the Persian power, some tribal concessions became states, whose rulers were enabled to control independently without announcing allegiance to the Persian overloads.
The simply factual outcome of Alexander’s invasion was the extermination of tribal concessions of North-Western India. Yet, the states of India moreover came under the rule of Magadha.
Written by: Kaushal Nassa
Edited by: Gourav Chowdhury
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